Human Societies

Résumé du livre

To 8,000 b.c.: Cultural Evolution Takes over 82 Hunting and Gathering Societies of the Recent Past 86 Population / Kinship / The Economy / The Polity / Stratification / Religion / Education / The Arts and Leisure / Tribal Ties: Links between Societies Hunting and Gathering Societies in Theoretical Perspective 100 Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence Compared / A Model of Limited Development / The Last Hunting and Gathering Societies Chapter 6 Horticultural Societies 104 Causes of the Shift from Hunting and Gathering to Horticulture 103 The Technology of Horticulture 106 Simple Horticultural Societies in Prehistoric Asia and Europe 109 The First Great Social Revolution Simple Horticultural Societies in the Modern Era 113 Population and Economy / The Continuing Importance of Kinship / Developments in Polity, Stratification, and Warfare Advanced Horticultural Societies in Prehistoric Asia and Europe 120 The Shift from Stone to Metals / Social Consequences of Metal Tools and Weapons Advanced Horticultural Societies in the Modern Era 125 Increased Size and Complexity / Political Development / Horticultural Societies in Southeast Asia Horticultural Societies in Theoretical Perspective 129 Excursus: Race, Environment, and Societal Development 134 Chapter 7 Agrarian Societies 137 Simple Agrarian Societies 138 Technology / Religion and the Growth of the Economic Surplus / Population: Growth in Size of Communities and Societies / The Polity: Growth of the State / The Economy: The First Monetary Systems and the Growth of Trade / Stratification: Increasing Inequality / Slowdown in the Rate of Technological Innovation Advanced Agrarian Societies 148 Technology / Population: Continuing Trends / The Economy: Increasing Differentiation / The Polity: Continuing Development of the State / Religion: The Emergence of Universal Faiths / Kinship: Changing Significance in Society / The Role of Women in Agrarian Societies / Leisure and the Arts / Stratification: Increasing Complexity Variations on Agrarian Themes 172 Agrarian Societies in Theoretical Perspective 174 Chapter 8 Some Evolutionary Bypaths and a Brief Review 176 Environmentally Specialized Societal Types 176 Fishing Societies / Herding Societies / Maritime Societies A Brief Review: Sociocultural Evolution to the Eve of the Industrial Revolution 183 PART THREE Industrial Societies and Industrializing Societies Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution 188 Causes of the Industrial Revolution 189 The Accumulation of Information in the Agrarian Era / Advances in Water Transportation and the Conquest of the New World / The Printing Press and the Spread of Information / Advances in Agriculture / A Model of the Causes of the Industrial Revolution A Brief History of the Industrial Revolution 195 First Phase: Steam Engines, Iron, Coal, Textile Machines, Factories / Second Phase: Railroads, Steamships, Steel, Rubber, Farm Machines / Third Phase: Automobiles, Airplanes, Telephones, Electricity, Petroleum, Radios, Movies / Fourth Phase: Television, Computers, Transistors, the Internet, Plastics, Globalization / Key Innovations: New Energy, New Machines, New Materials / A Caution: The Dark Side of the Industrial Revolution Causes of the Continuing Industrial Revolution 205 Greater Informational Resources and a Larger Population / Changing Attitudes toward Innovation / The Rise of Modern Science / War / Environmental Feedback / The Desire for Ever Higher Standards of Living Varying Levels of Industrialization in the world System of Societies 208 Consequences of the Industrial Revolution 210 Initial Consequences / Long-Run Consequences: An Overview Chapter 10 Industrial Societies: Technologies and Economies 215 The Technological Foundation of Industrial Societies 216 The Economies of Industrial Societies 218 The Urbanization of Production / Rise in Productivity and in the Standard of Living / The Shift from Labor-Intensive to Capital-Intensive Industries / Changes in the Labor Force / The Rise of Market Economies / Moves toward Mixed Economies / Evolution of the Modern Corporation Globalization: Increasing Economic Integration of the World Economy 233 Chapter 11 Industrial Societies: Ideologies and Polities 236 Ideologies in Industrial Societies 236 Theistic Religions / New Secular Ideologies Differences among Industrial Societies 245 The Polities of Industrial Societies 246 The Democratic Trend / Democracy as a Variable / Causes of the Democratic Trend / Mass Political Parties / Special Interest Groups / The Mass Media / Political Conflict and Stability / The Growth of Government / Governmental Bureaucracies: Their Expansion and Transformation Political Globalization and the Challenge to the New World Order 259 Chapter 12 Industrial Societies: Social Stratification 261 Stratification in Industrial Societies 261 Political Stratification / The Distribution of Income / The Distribution of Wealth / Occupational Stratification / Educational Stratification / Racial and Ethnic Stratification / Age and Sex Stratification Vertical Mobility 275 Social Inequality: Two Basic Trends 276 Chapter 13 Industrial Societies: Population, the Family, and Leisure 278 Population 278 Growth in Size of Societies / Trends in Health and Longevity / Declining Birthrates and Increasing Immigration / Population Distribution: The Growth of Urban Populations The Family 282 Changing Functions of the Family / Causes of Change in the Family / The Nuclear Family in Industrial Societies / The Changing Role of Women / The Changing Role of Youth /The Generation Gap Leisure and the Arts 295 Problems and Progress 297 Industrial Societies in Theoretical Perspective 298 Chapter 14 Industrializing Hybrid Societies 300 Two Types of Industrializing Societies 301 Economies and Population Growth 302 Ideologies 305 Polities and Conflicts 307 Social Stratification 310 Education 311 Kinship 313 The Status of Women 315 Industrializing Societies in Theoretical Perspective 316 Excursus: Marxist Societies as Natural Experiments 321 Chapter 15 Retrospect and Prospect 323 Looking Back 323 The Divergent Path / The Question of Progress Looking Ahead 329 Population / Natural Resources and the Biophysical Environment / Technology / Ideology / Polity / Economy / The World System / The Higher Goals Glossary 351 Web Pages of Interest 359 Appendix 362 Notes 364 Photo Credits 400 About the Authors 401 Index 403.